Effect of cytokinin on the number of capsules per leaf node in sesame under field conditions

Fazeli Kakhki, Seyyed Fazel; Beikzadeh, Nasser

doi:10.22034/jelsa.2024.463230.1077

Effect of cytokinin on the number of capsules per leaf node in sesame under field conditions

Document Type : Original research article

Authors

Seyyed Fazel Fazeli Kakhki ¹

Nasser Beikzadeh ²

¹ Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran

² Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran.

10.22034/jelsa.2024.463230.1077

Abstract

Sesame has valuable oil which is beneficial for human health. This plant has one capsule in each leaf node (the place where the leaf joins the stem), and by manipulating plant hormones, the number of capsules in each leaf node can increase, which leads to an increase in yield. To increase the number of capsules per leaf node, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. The first factor was two types of seeds [seeds from one capsule per leaf node (CAP1) and seeds from triple capsule per leaf node (CAP2)], and the second factor was three concentrations of cytokinin (CK) (zero, 50, 100 ppm). The results showed that the maximum plant length (83.5 cm) was obtained from the 50 ppm CK treatment. The application of 50 ppm CK in CAP1 was increased the number of single capsule nodes about 48%. Compared with the control and 100 ppm treatments, the 50 ppm CK treatment had the greatest effect on the number of nodes with triple capsules (7.71), with increases of 38.6 and 72.8%, respectively. The greatest number of triple capsule nodes per plant (10.3) was obtained in the CAP2 treatment by using 50 ppm CK. The greatest amount of fresh and dry weight (84.5 and 30.7 g per plant, respectively) was obtained from the 50 ppm CK treatment group. The maximum number of capsules per plant and number of seeds per capsule were obtained from the 50 ppm CK×CAP2 treatment. Other results showed that the application of 50 ppm CK led to the highest number of seeds produced per plant (6.75 grams). In addition, the exogenous application of cytokinin to plants has the greatest effect on the areas to which it moves or the areas where cytokinin is synthesized, but to improve the effectiveness of this hormone and obtain an economic crop, it is necessary to use an appropriate ratio of other plant growth regulators.

Highlights

Cytokinin increased sesame yield by boosting capsule production.
50 ppm cytokinin was optimal for growth and yield.
Combining cytokinin with superior seeds maximized yield.
Cytokinin application can enhance sesame yield.
Balancing cytokinin with other hormones is crucial for optimal results.

Keywords

Capsule per plant

Fresh and dry weight

Hormone

Sesamum indicum

Akter, N., Rafiqul Islam, M., Abdul Karim, M., & Hossain, T. (2014). Alleviation of drought stress in maize by exogenous application of gibberellic acid and cytokinin. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 17 (1), 41-48. doi:10.1007/s12892-013-0117-3

Amasino, R. (2005). 1955: kinetine arrives. The 50th anniversary of a new plant hormone.
Plant Physiology, 138(3), 1177-1184. doi: 10.1104/pp.104.900160

Ball, R. A., Purcell, L. C., & Vories, E. D. (2000). Short-season soybean yield compensation in response to population and water regime. Crop Science, 40, 1070-1078. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2000.4041070x

Bartrina, I., Otto, E., Strnad, M., Werner, T., & Schmulling, T. (2011). Cytokinin regulates the activity of reproductive meristems, flower organ size, ovule formation, and thus seed yield in Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Cell, 23, 69-80. doi: 10.1105/tpc.110.079079

Fazeli Kakhki, F. S., Nezami, A., Parsa, M., & Kafi M. (2014). Evaluation of yield and yield components of 43 sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) lines and ecotypes under irrigated with saline water. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12, 378-386. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22067/gsc.v12i3.42214

Giulini, A., Wang, J., & Jackson, D. (2004). Control of phyllotaxy by the cytokinin-inducible response regulator homologue ABPHYL1. Nature, 430, 1031-1034. doi: 10.1038/nature02778

Hamdani, S. (2024). Optimizing growth and yield of potato 'atlantic': effects of shading net and watering interval. Journal of Applied Science and Social Science, 14(02), 01-06.

IRIMO. (2016). Applied meteorological development plan report, No. 1, Agricultural Meteorology.

Jameson, P.E., & Song, J. (2015). Cytokinin: A key driver of seed yield. Journal of Experimental Boyany, 67, 593–606.

Koprna, R., Humplik, J. F., Spisek, Z., Bryksová, M., Zatloukal, M., Mike, V., Novák, O., Nisler, J., & Doležal, K. (2021). Improvement of tillering and grain yield by application of cytokinin derivatives in wheat and barley. Agronomy, 11(67), 1-15.

Langham, D. R., & Wiemers, T. (2002). Progress in mechanizing sesame in the US through breeding. The Fifth National Symposium, Atlanta, USA.

Leite, V. M., Rosolem, C. A., & Rodrigues, J. D. (2003). Gibberlin and cytokinin effects on soybean growth. Scientia Agricola, 60, 537-541. doi: 10.1590/s0103-90162003000300019

Li, J. Y., & Tang, Y. Q. (2002). Relation of change in content of plant endogenous cytokinin to germination and growth of ratooning buds in hybrid rice. Hybrid Rice, 17, 50-52.

Marquez-lopez, R. E., Quintana-Escobar, A. O., & Loyola-Vargas, V. M. (2019). Cytokinins, the Cinderella of plant growth regulators. Phytochemistry Reviews, 18, 1387-1408. doi: 10.1007/s11101-019-09656-6

Nagarathna, T. K., Shadakshari, Y. G., Jagadish, K. S., & Sanjay, M. T. (2010). Interaction of auxin and cytokinins in regulating axillary bud formation in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Helia, 33, 85-94. doi: 10.2298/hel1052085n

Nezami, A., Fazeli Kakhki, F. S., Zarghami, H., Shabahang, J., & Gandomzadeh, M. R. (2014). Preliminary evaluation of yield and yield components of some Khorasanian sesame ecotypes (Sesamum indicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12, 189-195. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22067/gsc.v12i2.39144

Nordstrom, A., Tarkowski, P., Tarkowska, D., Norbaek, R., Astot, C., Dolezal, K., & Sandberg, G. (2004). Auxin regulation of cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana: a factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin regulated development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 8039-8044. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402504101.

Pandey, D. M., goswami, C. L., & Kumar, B. (2003). Physiological effects of plant hormones in cotton under drought . Biological Plantarum, 47(4): 535-540.

Sakakibara, H. (2006). Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis, and translocation. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 57, 431-449. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105231

Schwarz, I., Scheirlinck, M. T., Otto, E., Bartrina, I., Schmidt, R. C., & Schmülling, T. (2020). Cytokinin regulates the activity of the inflorescence meristem and components of seed yield in oilseed rape. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(22), 7146-7159. doi: 10.1093/jxb/eraa419

Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant physiology, 4th ed. Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Publ. Sunderland MA, USA.

Vylíčilová, H., Bryksová, M., Matušková, V., Doležal, K., Plíhalová, L., & Strnad, M. (2020). Naturally occurring and artificial N9-cytokinin conjugates: From synthesis to biological activity and back. Biomolecules, 10(6), 832. doi:10.3390/biom10060832

Werner, T., & Schmulling, T. (2009). Cytokinin action in plant development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 12, 527-538. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.07.002.

Yeh, S. Y., Chen, H. W., Ng, C. Y., Lin, C. Y., Tseng, T. H., Li, W. H., & Ku, M. S. (2015). Down-regulation of cytokinin oxidase 2 expression increases tiller number and improves rice yield. Rice, 8, 1-13. doi: 10.1186/s12284-015-0070-5